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Oxford University: New Imperial Press. Aurangzeb The iconic Alamgiri Gate of the was built in 1674, and faces Aurangzeb's.

The Shah Alami Bazaar, once a north Hindu quarter of thewas entirely burnt down. I'm efficient and highly organized. Specialty recipes of the region include Burmese pork curry, nam prik ong a pork and tomato chilli dipkluay tod fried banana and sai ooa grilled pork sausage. Glory, lahore cafe bar ishfaq. Zip Features: Special customized menus available with advanced notice. Ranjit Singh's army also desecrated the by converting it into an ammunition depot dating restaurants in lahore a stable for horses. She is very lovely, fair, tall and slim. Jalal ad-Din's then fled from Lahore to capture the city of after Iltutmish's jesus re-captured Lahore in 1228. Hindu mythology, states that Keneksen, the founder of the mythological dynasty, is believed to have migrated out from the city. Retrieved 11 October 2017. The was moved by and passed unanimously at midnight on 31 December 1929.

Retrieved 15 March 2011. Lahore's origins reach into antiquity. Holiday business hours may vary. Tel: [phone] POMELO AVENUE 20-C1, MM Alam Road Gulberg III Lahore, Pakistan.

Dating points in lahore - Lahore is known for the best desi food and The Lakhnavi leaves no temptation lingering. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd.

The city is located in the north-eastern end of Pakistan's Punjab province. Lahore's origins reach into antiquity. The city has been controlled by numerous empires throughout the course of its history, including the , , , and by the medieval era. Lahore reached the height of its splendour under the between the late 16th and early 18th century, and served as its capital city for a number of years. The city was captured by the forces of Emperor in 1739, and fell into a period of decay while being contested between different powers. Lahore eventually became capital of the in the early 19th century, and regained much of its lost grandeur. Lahore was then annexed to the , and made capital of. Lahore was central to the independence movements of both and , with the city being the site of both the , and the. Lahore experienced some of the worst rioting during the period preceding Pakistan's. Following independence in 1947, Lahore was declared capital of Pakistan's Punjab province, and is now the largest city in the world. Lahore exerts a strong cultural influence over Pakistan. Lahore is a major centre for Pakistan's publishing industry, and remains the foremost centre of Pakistan's literary scene. The city is home to the annual , considered to be one of South Asia's premier cultural events. The city is also a major centre of education in Pakistan, with some of Pakistan's leading universities based in the city. Lahore is also home to Pakistan's film industry, , and is a major centre of. The city also hosts much of , with major attractions including the famed , numerous shrines, and the and mosques. Lahore is also home to the and , both of which are. The origins of Lahore's name are unclear. Lahore's name had been recorded by early Muslim historians as Lōhar, Lōhār, and Rahwar. Medieval sources recorded the city's name as Lavkot. Ravāwar is the simplified pronunciation of the name Iravatyāwar - a name possibly derived from the , known as the Iravati River in the. The same account attributes the founding of nearby by his twin brother Prince , Historic record shows, however, that Kasur was founded by migrants in 1525. Main article: No definitive records exist to elucidate Lahore's earliest history, and Lahore's ambiguous early history have given rise to various theories about its establishment and history. Hindu mythology, states that Keneksen, the founder of the mythological dynasty, is believed to have migrated out from the city. Early records of Lahore are scant, but 's historians make no mention of any city near Lahore's location during his invasion in 326 BCE, suggesting the city had not been founded by the point, or was unimportant. Chinese pilgrim gave a vivid description of a large and prosperous unnamed city when he visited the region in 630 CE that has been identified as Lahore. Lahore appears to have served as the capital of Punjab during this time under of the empire, who had moved the capital there from Waihind. The capital would later be moved to following Ghaznavid incursions. Medieval The shrine, one of Pakistan's most important, was built to commemorate the of Lahore, , who lived in the city during the Ghaznavid era in the 11th century. Sultan captured Lahore on an uncertain date, but under Ghaznavid rule, Lahore emerged effectively as the empire's second capital. In 1021, Sultan Mahmud appointed to the Throne of Lahore - a governorship of the. The city was captured by Nialtigin, the rebellious Governor of , in 1034, although his forces were expelled by Malik Ayaz in 1036. With the support of Sultan , Malik Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city which had been devastated after the Ghaznavid invasion. Ayaz erected city walls and a masonry fort built in 1037—1040 on the ruins of the previous one, which had been demolished during the Ghaznavid invasion. A confederation of Hindu princes then unsuccessfully laid siege to Lahore in 1043-44 during Ayaz' rule. The city became a cultural and academic centre, renowned for poetry under Malik Ayaz' reign. Lahore was formally made the eastern capital of the Ghaznavid empire in 1152, under the reign of Khusrau Shah. The city then became the sole capital of the Ghaznavid empire in 1163 after the fall of. The entire city of Lahore during the medieval Ghaznavid era was probably located west of the modern Shah Alami, and north of the. Mamluk The tomb of Lahore's early 13th century governor, , is located in the city's. In 1187, the invaded Lahore, ending Ghaznavid rule over Lahore. Lahore was made capital of the of the following the assassination of in 1206. Under the reign of Mamluk sultan , Lahore attracted poets and scholars from as far away as , , , and. Lahore at this time had more than any city in Persia or Khorasan. Following the death of Aibak, Lahore came to be disputed among Ghurid officers. The city first came under control of the Governor of , , before being briefly captured by the sultan of the Mamluks in Delhi, , in 1217. In an alliance with local in 1223, of the of modern-day captured Lahore after fleeing 's invasion of. Jalal ad-Din's then fled from Lahore to capture the city of after Iltutmish's armies re-captured Lahore in 1228. The threat of Mongol invasions and political instability in Lahore caused future Sultans to regard Delhi as a safer capital for medieval Islamic India, though it had hitherto been considered a forward base, while Lahore had been widely considered to be the centre of Islamic culture in the subcontinent. Lahore came under progressively weaker rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy. Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate. Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241. Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fled the Mongols, while the Mongols held the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chief. In 1266, reconquered Lahore, but in 1287 under the Mongol ruler , the Mongols again overran northern. Because of Mongol invasions, Lahore region had become a frontier, with its administrative centre shifted south to. The Mongols again , though their advance was eventually stopped by , brother of Sultan of Delhi. The Mongols again attacked Lahore in 1305. Tughluq Built in 1460, is one few remaining pre-Mughal structures in Lahore, and is notable for its unusual foundation below street-level. The city briefly flourished again under the reign of of the between 1320 and 1325, though the city was again sacked in 1329, by of the Central Asian , and then again by the Mongol chief Hülechü. The weakened city then fell into obscurity, and was captured once more by the Khokhars in 1394. By the time captured the city in 1398 from Shayka Khokhar, he did not loot it because it was no longer wealthy. Late Sultanates Timur gave control of the Lahore region to , Governor of , who later established the in 1414 — the fourth dynasty of the. Lahore was briefly occupied by the Governor of Kabul in 1432-33. Lahore began to be incurred upon yet again the Khokhar tribe, and so the city was granted to in 1441 by the Sayyid dynasty in Delhi, though Lodi would displace the Sayyids in 1451 by establishing himself upon the throne of Delhi. Bahlul Lodi installed his cousin, Tatar Khan, to be governor of the city, though Tatar Khan died in battle with in 1485. Governorship of Lahore was transferred by Sikandar Lodi to Umar Khan Sarwani, who quickly left management of this city to his son Said Khan Sarwani. Said Khan was removed from power in 1500 by Sikandar Lodi, and Lahore came under the governorship of , son of Tatar Khan and former employer of - founder of the Sikh faith. Mughal Lahore's is considered to be the most ornately decorated Mughal-era mosque. Early Mughal , the founder of the , captured Lahore in 1524 after being invited to invade by , the Lodi governor of Lahore. The city became refuge to and his cousin when rose in power on the Gangetic Plains, displacing Mughal power. Sher Shah Suri continued to rise in power, and seized Lahore in 1540, though Humayun reconquered Lahore in February 1555. The establishment of Mughal rule eventually led to the most prosperous era of Lahore's history. Lahore's prosperity and central position has yielded more Mughal-era monuments in Lahore than either or. By the time of rule of the Mughal empire's greatest emperors, a majority of Lahore's residents did not live within the walled city itself, but instead lived in suburbs that had spread outside of the city's walls. Only 9 of the 36 urban quarters around Lahore, known as guzars, were located within the city's walls during the period. During this period, Lahore was closely tied to smaller market towns known as qasbahs, such as , , and in modern-day , which in turn, linked to supply chains in villages surrounding each qasbah. Akbar Beginning in 1584, Lahore became the Mughal capital when began re-fortifying the city's ruined citadel, laying the foundations for the revival of the. Akbar made Lahore one of his original twelve provinces, and in 1585-86 relegated governorship of the city and subah to , brother of , who was commonly known as Jodhabhai. Akbar also rebuilt the city's walls, and extended their perimeter east of the Shah Alami bazaar to encompass the sparsely populated Rarra Maidan. The Akbari Mandi grain market was set up during this era, and continues to function until present-day. Akbar also established the neighbourhood in the early 1580s, which survives today. The earliest of Lahore's many date from the Akbari era. Lahore's Mughal monuments were built under Akbar's reign of several emperors, and Lahore reached its cultural zenith during this period, with dozens of mosques, tombs, shrines, and urban infrastructure developed during this period. Jahangir During the reign of Emperor in the early 17th century, Lahore's bazaars were noted to be vibrant, frequented by foreigners, and stocked with a wide array of goods. In 1606, Jehangir's rebel son laid siege to Lahore after obtaining the blessings of the Sikh. Jehangir quickly defeated his son at Bhairowal, and the roots of Mughal-Sikh animosity grew. Guru Arjan Dev was executed in Lahore in 1606 for his involvement in the rebellion. Emperor Jahangir chose to be buried in Lahore, and was built in Lahore's suburb in 1637 by his wife , nearby. Shah Jahan Jahangir's son, , who reigned between 1628 and 1658, was born in Lahore in 1592. He renovated large portions of the with luxurious white marble, and erected the iconic in 1633. Shah Jahan lavished Lahore with some of its most-celebrated and iconic monuments, such as the in 1635, and both the and the extravagantly decorated in 1641. The population of pre-modern Lahore probably reached its zenith during his reign, with suburban districts home to perhaps 6 times as many compared to within the. Aurangzeb The iconic Alamgiri Gate of the was built in 1674, and faces Aurangzeb's. Shah Jahan's son, and last of the great Mughal Emperors, , further contributed to the development of Lahore. Aurangzeb built the Alamgiri Bund embankment along the in 1662 in order to prevent its shifting course from threatening the city's walls. The area near the embankment grew into a fashionable locality, with several pleasure gardens laid near the bund by Lahore's gentry. The largest of Lahore's Mughal monuments was raised during his reign, the in 1673, as well as the iconic Alamgiri gate of the Lahore Fort in 1674. Late Mughal Civil wars regarding succession to the Mughal throne following 's death in 1707 lead to weakening control over Lahore from Delhi, and a prolonged period of decline in Lahore. Mughal preoccupation with the in the eventually resulted in Lahore being governed by a series of governors who pledged nominal allegiance to the ever weaker Mughal emperors of Delhi. Mughal Emperor died en route to Lahore as part of a campaign in 1711 to subdue Sikh rebels under the leadership of. His sons fought a battle outside Lahore in 1712 for succession to the Mughal crown, with winning the throne. Sikh rebels were defeated during the reign of , when Abd as-Samad and Zakariyya Khan suppressed them. Though Khan was able to win back control after the Persian armies had left, Nader Shah's invasion shifted trade routes away from Lahore, and south towards instead. Indus ports near the Arabian Sea that served Lahore also silted up during this time, reducing the city's importance even further. Ahmad Shah Durrani again invaded in 1751, forcing Mir Mannu into signing a treaty that submitted Lahore to Afghan rule. Durrani rule was briefly interrupted by the 's capture of Lahore in 1758 under , who drove out the Afghans, while a combined Sikh-Maratha defeated an Afghan assault in the 1759. Following , Ahmad Shah Durrani defeated the Marathas and recaptured Lahore, though Sikh forces soon occupied the city after the Durrani quick withdrawal from the city. The Durranis invaded two more times, while Sikhs would re-occupy the city after each invasion. Sikh The was one of several monuments plundered for its precious building materials during the Sikh period. Early Expanding Sikh secured control over Lahore in 1767, when the state captured the city. In 1780, The city was divided among three rulers, Gujjar Singh, Lahna Singh, and Sobha Singh, while instability resulting from this arrangement allowed nearby to establish itself as the area's primary commercial centre. Ranjit Singh The marble was built in 1818 to celebrate 's acquisition of the diamond. Singh was able to seize control of the region after a series of battles with the Bhangi Misl chiefs who had seized Lahore in 1780. His army marched to Anarkali, where the gatekeeper of the , Mukham Din Chaudhry, opened the gates allowing Ranjit Singh's army to enter Lahore. After capturing the Lahore, the army immediately began plundering the Muslim areas of the city until their actions were reined in by Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh's rule restored much of Lahore's lost grandeur. He established a mint in the city in 1800, and moved into the Mughal palace at the and re-purposed it for his own use in governing the Sikh Empire. In 1801, he established the to mark the site where was born in 1534. Lahore became the empire's administrative capital, though nearby Amritsar had been established as the empire's commercial and spiritual capital by 1802. By 1812 Singh had mostly refurbished the city's defences by adding a second circuit of outer walls surrounding Akbar's original walls, with the two separated by a moat. Singh also partially restored Shah Jahan's decaying gardens at Shalimar. He also erected the to mark the site of 's death in 1606. The Sikh royal court also endowed religious architecture in the city, including a number of Sikh gurdwaras, Hindu temples, and. While much of Lahore's Mughal era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's rule saw the re-establishment of Lahore's glory - though its Mughal monuments suffered during the Sikh period. Singh's armies plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire during his reign. Monuments plundered for decorative materials include the , the , and the. Ranjit Singh's army also desecrated the by converting it into an ammunition depot and a stable for horses. The in the was also converted to a , while the was repurposed into a gunpowder factory. Late The Sikh royal court, or the Lahore Durbar, underwent a quick succession of rulers after the death of Ranjit Singh, as his son quickly died, and the next successor died in an accident at Lahore's on the day of his father's death on 6 November 1840. Maharaja was selected as Maharajah in 1840, though his claim to the throne was quickly challenged by , widow of Kharak Singh and mother of Nau Nihal Singh, who quickly seized the throne. Sher Singh raised an army that attacked Lahore on 14 January 1841, and mounted weaponry on the minarets of the in order to target Chand Kaur's forces in the , destroying the fort's historic Diwan-e-Aam. Kaur quickly ceded the throne, but Sher Sing was then assassinated in 1843 in Lahore's Chah Miran neighbourhood along with his Wazir Dhiyan Singh. Dhyan Singh's son, Hira Singh, sought to avenge his fathers death by laying siege to Lahore, resulting in the capture of his father's murderer, Ajit Singh. After the conclusion of two Anglo-Sikh wars, the Sikh empire fell into disarray, resulting in the fall of the Lahore Durbar, and commencement of British rule. Following the defeat of the Sikhs at the , British troops formally deposed Maharaja Duleep Singh in Lahore that same year. Punjab was then annexed to the British Indian Empire in 1849. At the commencement of British rule, Lahore was estimated to have a of 120,000. Prior to annexation by the British, Lahore's environs consisted mostly of the Walled City surrounded by plains interrupted by settlements to the south and east such as and , which have since been engulfed by Lahore. The plains between the settlements also contained the remains of Mughal gardens, tombs, and Sikh-era military structures. The British viewed Lahore's Walled City as a bed of potential social discontent and disease epidemics, and so largely left the inner city alone, while focusing development efforts in Lahore's suburban areas, and Punjab's fertile countryside. The was converted into railway administration offices during this time as well, while the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan was converted into a storehouse, and tomb of Mir Mannu was converted into a wine shop. The British also used older structures to house municipal offices, such as the Civil Secretariat, Public Works Department, and Accountant General's Office. Having been constructed in the immediate aftermath of the 1857 , the design of the was highly militarised in order to defend the structure from any further potential uprisings against British rule. The British built the just outside the Walled City shortly after the , and so built the station in the style of a medieval castle to ward off any potential future uprisings, with thick walls, turrets, and holes to direct gun and cannon fire for defence of the structure. Lahore's most prominent government institutions and commercial enterprises came to be concentrated in Civil Station in a half-mile wide area flanking , where unlike in Lahore's military zone, the British and locals were allowed to mix. The Mall continues to serve as the epicentre of Lahore's civil administration, as well as one of its most fashionable commercial areas. The British also laid the spacious to the southeast of the Walled City at the former village of Mian Mir, where unlike around The Mall, laws existed against the mixing of different races. Lahore was visited on 9 February 1870 by - a visit in which he received delegations from the of , Maharajas of , the Nawab of , and other rulers from various Punjabi states. During the visit, he visited several of Lahore's major sights. British authorities built several important structures around the time of the in 1887 in the distinct. The and were both established around this in this style. The British carried out a census of Lahore in 1901, and counted 20,691 houses in the Walled City. An estimated 200,000 people lived in Lahore at this time. Lahore played an important role in the independence movements of both India and Pakistan. The was moved by and passed unanimously at midnight on 31 December 1929. The Indian was adopted this time as well. Lahore's jail was used by the British to imprison independence activists such as , and was also where was hanged in 1931. Under the leadership of The passed the in 1940, demanding the creation of Pakistan as a separate homeland for the Muslims of India. Partition The 1941 census showed that Lahore had a population of 671,659, of which was 64. The population figure was disputed by Hindus and Sikhs before the Boundary Commission that would draw the to demarcate the border of the two new states based on religious demography. In a bid to have Lahore awarded to India, they argued that the city was only 54% Muslim, and that Hindu and Sikh domination of the city's economy and educational institutions should trump Muslim demography. Two thirds of shops, and 80% of Lahore's factories belonged to the Hindu and Sikh community, though the British ultimately were unconvinced that ownership of property equated with sovereignty. As tensions grew over the city's uncertain fate, Lahore experienced Partition's worst riots. Carnage ensued in which all three religious groups were both victims and perpetrators. Early riots in March and April 1947 destroyed 6,000 of Lahore 82,000 homes. Violence continued to rise throughout the summer, despite the presence of armoured British personnel. Hindus and Sikhs began to leave the city en masse as their hopes that the Boundary Commission to award the city to India came to be regarded as increasingly unlikely. By late August 1947, 66% of Hindus and Sikhs had left the city. The Shah Alami Bazaar, once a largely Hindu quarter of the , was entirely burnt down. When Pakistan's independence was declared on August 14, 1947, the Radcliffe Line had not yet been announced, and so cries of Long live Pakistan and God is greatest were heard intermittently with Long live throughout the night. Upon independence, Lahore was made capital of the province in the new state of Pakistan. The city's location near the Indian border meant that it received large numbers of refugees fleeing anti-Muslim in eastern Punjab and northern India, though it was able to accommodate them given the large stock of abandoned Hindu and Sikh properties that could be re-distributed to newly arrived refugees. Industrial production dropped to one third of pre-Partition levels by end of the 1940s, and only 27% of its manufacturing units were operating by 1950, and usually well-below capacity. The city's weakened economy, and proximity to the Indian border, meant that the city was deemed unsuitable to be the Pakistani capital after independence. Karachi was chosen instead on account of its relative tranquility, stronger economy, and better infrastructure. After the period, Lahore slowly regained its significance as an economic and cultural centre of western Punjab. Reconstruction began in 1949 of the Shah Alami Bazaar, the former commercial heart of the Walled City until it was destroyed in the 1947 riots. The was built in 1951 to honour the philosopher-poet who provided spiritual inspiration for the Pakistan movement. In 1955, Lahore was selected to be capital of all during the single-unit period that lasted until 1970. Lahore successfully repelled an Indian invasion during , in which the city had been surrounding on three sides. Shortly afterwards, Lahore's iconic was completed in 1968 to mark the spot where the was passed. With assistance, the was able to rebuild Lahore, and most scars of the communal violence of war and Partition were ameliorated. The second was held in the city in 1974. In retaliation for the destruction of the in India by Hindu fanatics, riots erupted in 1992 in which several non-Muslim monuments were targeted, including most of the tomb of Maharaja. In 1996, the final match was held at the in Lahore. The restoration project began in 2009, when the Punjab government embarked on a major project to restore the Royal Trail from to the with assistance from the. The hottest month is June, when average highs routinely exceed 40 °C 104. The monsoon season starts in late June, and the wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudbursts. The coolest month is January with dense fog. The city's record high temperature was 48. At the time the meteorological office recorded this official temperature in the shade, it reported a heat index in direct sunlight of 55 °C 131 °F. The highest rainfall in a 24-hour period is 221 millimetres 8. On 26 February 2011, Lahore received heavy rain and hail measuring 4. Climate data for Lahore 1961—1990 Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C °F 27. ±% 1881 138,878 — 1891 159,947 +15. There is also a small but longstanding community. Additionally, Lahore contains some of 's holiest sites, and is a major Sikh pilgrimage site. According to the 1998 census, 94% of Lahore's population is , up from 60% in 1941. Other religions include Christians 5. Lahore's first church was built during the reign of Emperor in the late 16th century, which was then leveled by in 1632. The area around the exemplifies the 's urban form Lahore's modern consists of the historic in the northern part of the city, which contains several and national heritage sites. Lahore's urban planning was not based on geometric design, but was instead built piecemeal, with small cul-de-sacs, katrahs and galis developed in the context of neighbouring buildings. Though certain neighbourhoods were named for particular religious or ethnic communities, the neighbourhoods themselves typically were diverse, and were not dominated by the namesake group. Lahore has more Mughal-era monuments than , India, and structures from this era are now amongst the most iconic features of Lahore. By the end of Sikh rule, most of Lahore's massive compounds had been occupied by settlers. New neighbourhoods occasionally grew up entirely within the confines of an old Mughal haveli, such as the Mohallah Pathran Wali, which grew within the ruins of a haveli of the same name that was built by Mian Khan. By 1831, all Mughal havelis in the Walled City had been encroached upon by the surrounding neighbourhood, leading to the modern-day absence of any Mughal havelis in Lahore. Thirteen gates surrounded the history walled city. Some of the remaining gates include the Raushnai Gate, Masti Gate, Yakki Gate, Kashmiri Gate, Khizri Gate, Shah Burj Gate, Akbari Gate and Lahori Gate. Southeast of the walled city is the spacious British-era. Architecture Built in 2012, in Southern Lahore is a blend of and modern architecture. Lahore is home to numerous monuments from the , , and. The architectural style of the has traditionally been influenced by Mughal and Sikh styles. The leafy suburbs to the south of the Old City, as well as the Cantonment southwest of the Old City, were largely developed under British colonial rule, and feature colonial-era buildings built alongside leafy avenues. Sikh period By the arrival of the Sikh Empire, Lahore had decayed from its former glory as the Mughal capital. Rebuilding efforts under Ranjit Singh and his successors were influenced by Mughal practices, and Lahore was known as the 'City of Gardens' during the Ranjit Singh period. Later British maps of the area surrounding Lahore dating from the mid-19th century show many walled private gardens which were confiscated from the Muslim noble families bearing the names of prominent Sikh nobles — a pattern of patronage which was inherited from the Mughals. While much of Lahore's Mughal era fabric lay in ruins by the time of his arrival, Ranjit Singh's army's plundered most of Lahore's most precious Mughal monuments, and stripped the white marble from several monuments to send to different parts of the Sikh Empire. Monuments plundered of their marble include the , , the were plundered of much of its marble and costly. The Sikh state also demolished a number of shrines and monuments laying outside the city's walls. Sikh rule left Lahore with several monuments, and a heavily altered Lahore Fort. Ranjit Singh's rule had restored Lahore to much of its last grandeur, and the city was left with a large number of religious monuments from this period. Several havelis were built during this era, though only a few still remain. British period Much of old Lahore features colonial-era buildings, such as the Tollinton Market. As capital of British Punjab, British colonialists made a lasting architectural impression on the city. Structures were built predominantly in the style - a syncretic architectural style that blends elements of and , or in the distinct. The British also built Montgomery Hall, which today serves as the. The gardens featured over 600 species of plants, and were tended to by a horticulturist sent from London's. The British authorities built several important structures around the time of the in 1887 in the distinct. The and were both established around this in this style. Other prominent examples of the Indo-Saracenic style in Lahore include Lahore's prestigious , the Punjab Chief Court today the , and. The were laid out during the reign of and were designed to mimic the paradise of the afterlife described in the. The gardens follow the familiar layout of four squares, with three descending terraces. The was established in 1862 and was originally named after Sir John Lawrence, late 19th-century British Viceroy to India. The Circular Garden, which surrounds on the Walled City on three sides, was established by 1892. The many other gardens and parks in the city include , , , Gulshan Iqbal Park, Model Town Park, , Nasir Bagh Lahore, Jallo Park, Wild Life Park, and , a man-made forest near Lahore in the district. Another example is the , a 141-acre 57 ha botanical garden that houses entertainment and sports facilities as well as a library. The contribution of Lahore to the national economy is estimated to be 11. A major industrial agglomeration with about 9,000 industrial units, Lahore has shifted in recent decades from manufacturing to service industries. Some 42% of its work force is employed in finance, banking, real estate, community, cultural, and social services. The city has always been a centre for publications where 80% of Pakistan's books are published, and it remains the foremost centre of literary, educational and cultural activity in Pakistan. The is one of the biggest projects in the history of the city and was inaugurated on 22 May 2010. Defense Raya Golf Resort, also under construction, will be Pakistan's and Asia's largest golf course. The project is the result of a partnership between DHA Lahore and BRDB Malaysia. The rapid development of large projects such as these in the city is expected to boost the economy of the country. Ferozepur Road of the of Lahore contains high-rises and skyscrapers including Kayre International Hotel and. City buses Lahore's main public transportation system is operated by the LTC and Punjab Mass Transit Authority PMTA. The backbone of its public transport network is the PMTA's and soon to be of the. LTC and PMTA also operates an extensive network of buses, providing bus service to many parts of the city and acting as a feeder system for the Metrobus. The is a service operating in Lahore, ,. Lahore Metrobus service is integrated with 's local bus service to operate as one urban transport system, providing seamless transit service across with connections to neighboring suburban communities. Metro Orange Line Main article: The Orange Line is an automated system under construction in Lahore. When operational, the Orange line will become Pakistan's first metro rail line. The Orange line is the first of the three proposed rail lines proposed for the. The line will span 27. The line will be served by 26 stations and is expected to handle 250,000 passenger daily. Though it is frequently mentioned as a part of the wider , the Orange line is being financed by the. Recently numerous successful trials have been run. Blue Line Main article: The Purple Line is a proposed 32 km. Rickshaw and taxi Radio cab services and have been introduced by some private companies. These taxis need to be booked in advance by booking on apps and calling their number. There are 246,458 auto rickshaws, often simply called autos, in the city. Since 2002, all auto rickshaws have been required to use as fuel. Intercity transportation serves as the main rail hub for Lahore, and serves as a major hub for all services in northern Pakistan. It includes services to and national capital -, and long distance services to and. The serves as a hub for intercity bus services in Lahore, served by multiple bus companies providing a comprehensive network of services in and neighboring provinces. Airports Allama Iqbal International Airport Pakistan's third busiest airport, : LHE , straddles the city's eastern boundary. The new passenger terminal was opened in 2003, replacing the old terminal which now serves as a VIP and Hajj lounge. The airport was named after the national poet-philosopher,. In addition, IATA: SKT and IATA: LYP also serve as alternate airports for the Lahore area in addition to serving their respective cities. Allama Iqbal International Airport connects Lahore with many cities worldwide including domestic destinations by both passenger and cargo flight including , begins 28 August 2018 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Roads See also: Under , Lahore is a and under the authority of the. The district is divided into 9 zones, each with its own elected Deputy Mayor. The Metropolitan Corporation Lahore is a body of those 9 deputy, as well as the city's mayor - all of whom are elected in popular elections. The Metropolitan Corporation approves zoning and land use, urban design and planning, environmental protection laws, as well as provide municipal services. Mayor Main article: As per the Punjab Local Government Act 2013, the is the elected head of the Metropolitan Corporation of Lahore. The mayor is directly-elected in municipal elections every four years alongside 9 deputy mayors. Mubashir Javed of the was elected mayor of Lahore in 2016. The mayor is responsible for the administration of government services, the composition of councils and committees overseeing departments and serves as the chairperson for meeting of Lahore Council. The mayor also functions to help devise long term development plans in consultation with other stakeholders and bodies to improve the condition, livability, and sustainability of urban areas. Neighbourhoods The people of Lahore celebrate many and events throughout the year, blending Mughal, Western, and other traditions. Many people decorate their houses and light candles to illuminate the streets and houses during public holidays; roads and businesses may be lit for days. Basant celebrations in Pakistan are centred in Lahore, and people from all over the country and from abroad come to the city for the annual festivities. Courts have banned the kite-flying because of casualties and power installation losses. The ban was lifted for two days in 2007, then immediately reimposed when 11 people were killed by , sharp kite-strings, electrocution, and falls related to the competition. Lahore remains a major tourist destination in Pakistan. The was renovated in 2014 and is popular due to the presence of. Among the most popular sights are the , adjacent to the Walled City, and home to the , the , the , and the. The fort along with the adjoining has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981. The city is home to several ancient religious sites including prominent Hindu temples, the and. The , also located near the Walled City, houses the of the ruler. The most prominent religious building is the , constructed in 1673; it was the largest mosque in the world upon construction. Another popular sight is the , known for its extensive faience tile work and constructed in 1635. Many of these havelis are fine examples of and. Lahore is Pakistan's largest producer of professionals in the fields of science, technology,law, IT, engineering, medicine, nuclear sciences, pharmacology, telecommunication, biotechnology and microelectronics, nanotechnology and the only future hyper high-tech center of Pakistan. Most of the reputable universities are public, but in recent years there has also been an upsurge in the number of private universities. The literacy rate of Lahore is 74%. It was completed in 1959 and later in 1990's, renovations were carried out by Pakistani architect. Lahore is home to several golf courses. The , the Lahore Garrison Golf and Country Club, the Royal Palm Golf Club and newly built DHA Golf Club are well maintained Golf Courses in Lahore. In nearby Road, a 9 holes course, Lake City, opened in 2011. The newly opened Oasis Golf and Aqua Resort is another addition to the city. It is a state-of-the-art facility featuring golf, water parks, and leisure activities such as horse riding, archery and more. The is part of an annual package of six international marathons being sponsored by across Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. More than 20,000 athletes from Pakistan and all over the world participate in this event. It was first held on 30 January 2005, and again on 29 January 2006. More than 22,000 people participated in the 2006 race. The third marathon was held on 14 January 2007. Lahore, a Glorious Heritage. Archived from on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from PDF on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 30 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2017. The World's Population: An Encyclopedia of Critical Issues, Crises, and Ever-Growing Countries. Archived from on 29 December 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2017. Lahore, perhaps Pakistan's most liberal city... Retrieved 19 August 2016. Lahore is one of Pakistan's most liberal and wealthy cities. It is Mr Sharif's political powerbase and has seen relatively few terror attacks in recent years. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. Retrieved 16 June 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2017. Archived from on 12 February 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2011. Akbar 15 October 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2010. Retrieved 16 June 2016. Printed at the New Imperial Press. Centre for the Study of the Civilizations of Central Asia, Quaid-i-Azam University. Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations. Printed at the New Imperial Press. Lord Lawrence and the Reconstruction of India Under the British Rule. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. Retrieved 3 April 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2017. London: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 15 March 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2017. Archived from on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 15 March 2011. Wescoat; Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn 1 January 1996. Longmans, Green and Company. Retrieved 26 December 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017. A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Retrieved 27 December 2017. History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. Retrieved 19 August 2016. For centuries Lahore was the heart of Mughal Hindustan, known to visitors as the City of Gardens. Today it has a greater profusion of treasures from the Mughal period the peak of which was in the 17th century than India's Delhi or Agra, even if Lahore's are less photographed. Retrieved 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2017. Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities. Oxford University: New Imperial Press. Sword of Persia: Nader Shah, from Tribal Warrior to Conquering Tyrant. India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707—1813. Retrieved 13 September 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2010. Maharaja Ranjit Singh and his times. Retrieved 3 September 2015. Maharaja Ranjit Singh: The Last to Lay Arms. Narrative of Various Journeys in Balochistan, Afghanistan and the Panjab, 3 v. City of Sin and Splendour: Writings on Lahore. Archaeological Survey of India. Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjab University. Retrieved 28 August 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2016. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. By the turn of the twentieth century, Lahore's population had nearly doubled from what it had been when the province was first annexed, growing from an estimated 120,000 people in 1849 to over 200,000 in 1901. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. On the eve of annexation, Lahore's suburbs were made up of a flat, debris-strewn plain interrupted by a small number of populous abadis, the deserted cantonment and barracks of the former Sikh infantry which, according to one British large buildings in various states of disrepair. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. The inner city, on the other hand, remained problematic. Seen as a potential hotbed of disease and social instability, and notoriously difficult to observe and fathom, the inner districts of the city remained stubbornly resistant to colonial intervention. Throughout the British period of occupation in Punjab, for reasons we will explore more fully, the inner districts of its largest cities were almost entirely left alone. It should not surprise us that the main focus of imperial attention in Punjab was its fertile countryside rather than cities like Lahore. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. What is more striking than the fact that the Punjab's new rulers cost-effectively appropriated the symbolically charged buildings of their predecessors is how long some of those appropriations lasted. The conversion of the Mughal-era tomb of Sharif un-Nissa, a noblewoman during Shah Jahan's reign, popularly known as Anarkali, was one such case Figure 1. This Muslim tomb was first used as offices and residences for the clerical staff of Punjab's governing board. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse... Nearby was the tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, a highly placed member of Akbar's court, which the railway used as a storehouse. That same tomb had been acquired earlier by the railway from the army, who had used it as a theater for entertaining officers. The railway provided another nearby tomb free of charge to the Church Missionary Society, who used it for Sunday services. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. These institutions included the Civil Secretariat, which, as we have seen, was located in Ventura's former house; the Public Works from Ranjit Singh's period; and the Accountant General's office, headquartered in a converted seventeenth century mosque near the tomb of Shah Chiragh, just off Mall Road. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. We should remember that outside of colonial military cantonments, where rules encouraging racial separation were partially formalized in the residential districts of India's colonial cities. Wherever government institutions, commercial enterprises, and places of public congregation were concentrated, mixing among races and social classes was both legally accommodated and necessary. In Lahore these kinds of activities were concentrated in a half-mile-wide zone stretching along Mall Road from the Civil Secretariat, near Anarkali's tomb, at one end to the botanical gardens at the other see. Calcutta Central Press Company, limited. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. 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Retrieved 23 September 2016. Lahore: Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities. Oxford University: New Imperial Press. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. Lawrence Hall was devoted to the white community in Lahore;the spaces and program of Montgomery Hall allowed for racial interaction between British civilians and officials and the elites of Lahori society. Making Lahore Modern, Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City. Univ of Minnesota Press. Like Lawrence and Montgomery Halls, moreover, the garden's major elements were all financed through a combination of provincial, municipal, and private funds from both British carefully isolated space of controlled cultural interaction underwritten by elite collaboration. Both the botanical garden and the zoo in Lawrence Gardens drafted a controlled display of exotic nature to the garden's overall didactic program. The botanical garden exhibited over six hundred species of plants, trees, and shrubs, all carefully tended by a horticulturist sent out from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. Archived from on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2009. Archived from PDF on 16 August 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2011. Retrieved 6 June 2014. Retrieved on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2016. Archived from on 23 January 2011. Retrieved 3 October 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2018. Archived from on 14 October 2016. National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Archived from on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2009. National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan. Archived from on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 18 February 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2007. Retrieved 16 June 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016. 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